LINK MANIPULATION 
¶
Work in progress
After generating a number of sets of linksets, one may want to merge, split or filter out some links while others may want to infer new links using existing alignments. The LENS menu provides means for exactly doing that. The LENS menu makes it possible to apply set like operators such as UNION, INTERSECTION, DIFFERENCE, TRANSITIVE and IN-SET over alignments in ways that suit best the user according to her envisaged final integration goal.
For the purpose of illustration, we provide two linksets (ex:DC-Heroes-Identity, ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity) of superheroes from the DC and Marvel Universe. According to the metadata of these linksets, they originate from an attempt to de-duplicate the datasets of each universe. This can be observed as the source and target entities composing the links in each linkset are respectively from the same dataset. From the metadata we also observe that, the value of the property void:triples highlights that each linkset is composed of ten identity links. Furthermore, When taking a look at the links within each linkset, the RDF* format of the triples informs that a link validation took place for each link in the set.
Theses sets will be used for illustrating the set-like operators discussed in this section.
Example 1: Linksets originating from deduplications.
ex:DC-Heroes-Identity
a void:Linkset ;
dcterms:description "Identifying DC's comics superheroes" ;
ll:subjectsTarget dataset:DC-Comics;
ll:objectsTarget dataset:DC-Comics;
void:triples 10 ;
• • •
ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity
a void:Linkset ;
dcterms:description "Identifying Marvel Universes' superheroes" ;
ll:subjectsTarget dataset:Marvel-Universe;
ll:objectsTarget dataset:Marvel-Universe ;
void:triples 10 ;
• • •
ex:DC-Heroes-Identity
{
<<hero:Superman owl:sameAs person:Clark-Kent>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Batman owl:sameAs person:Bruce-Wane>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Flash owl:sameAs person:Barry-Allen>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:GreenLantern owl:sameAs person:Alan-Scott>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:WonderWoman owl:sameAs person:Diana-Prince>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Aquaman owl:sameAs person:Arthur-Curry>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:GreenArrow owl:sameAs person:OliverQueen>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:BoosterGold owl:sameAs person:Michael-Jon-Carter>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Spider-man owl:sameAs person:Peter-Parker>> validation:status "rejected" .
<<hero:Iron-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark>> validation:status "rejected" .
}
ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity
{
<<hero:Captain-Marvel owl:sameAs person:Carol-Danvers>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Captain-America owl:sameAs person:Steve-Rogers>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Deadpool owl:sameAs person:Wade-Wilson>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Black-Panther owl:sameAs person:T-Challa>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Spider-man owl:sameAs person:Peter-Parker>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Iron-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Ant-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Black-Widow owl:sameAs person:Natasha-Romanoff>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Hulk owl:sameAs person:Bruce-Banner>> validation:status "accepted" .
<<hero:Hawkeye owl:sameAs person:Clint-Barton>> validation:status "accepted" .
}
1. Union¶
Imagine having three linksets ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1, ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2 and ex:DC-Heroes-Identity.
Example 2: Sample of three linksets to merge.
##############################################################
# MARVEL: Annotated Linkset of 6 Identity Statements #
##############################################################
# Superheroes vs Fictitious-Persons
ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1
a void:Linkset ;
dcterms:subject "Fictitious Heroes" ;
dcterms:description "Identifying Marvel Universes' superheroes" ;
ll:subjectsTarget dataset:Marvel-Universe ;
ll:objectsTarget dataset:Marvel-Universe ;
void:triples 6 .
ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1
{
<<hero:Black-Widow owl:sameAs person:Natasha-Romanoff>> validation:status true .
<<person:Bruce-Banner owl:sameAs hero:Hulk>> validation:status true .
<<hero:Captain-America owl:sameAs person:Steve-Rogers>> validation:status true .
<<hero:Captain-Marvel owl:sameAs person:Carol-Danvers>> validation:status true .
<<hero:Deadpool owl:sameAs person:Wade-Wilson>> validation:status true .
<<hero:Black-Panther owl:sameAs person:T-Challa>> validation:status true .
}
##############################################################
# MARVEL: Annotated Linkset of 4 Identity Statements #
##############################################################
ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2
a void:Linkset ;
dcterms:subject "Fictitious Heroes" ;
dcterms:description "Identifying Marvel Universes' superheroes" ;
ll:subjectsTarget dataset:Marvel-Universe ;
ll:objectsTarget dataset:Marvel-Universe ;
void:triples 4 .
ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2
{
<<person:Peter-Parker owl:sameAs hero:Spider-man>> validation:status true .
<<person:Tony-Stark owl:sameAs hero:Iron-man>> validation:status true .
<<person:Tony-Stark owl:sameAs hero:Ant-man>> validation:status False .
<<person:Clint-Barton owl:sameAs hero:Hawkeye>> validation:status true .
}
##############################################################
# DC-COMICS: Non Annotated Linkset of 10 Identity Statements #
##############################################################
ex:DC-Heroes-Identity
a void:Linkset ;
dcterms:subject "Fictitious Heroes" ;
dcterms:description "Identifying DC Comics Universes' superheroes" ;
void:triples 9 .
ex:DC-Heroes-Identity
{
hero:Superman owl:sameAs person:Clark-Kent .
hero:Batman owl:sameAs person:Bruce-Wane .
hero:GreenLantern owl:sameAs person:Alan-Scott .
hero:WonderWoman owl:sameAs person:Diana-Prince .
hero:Aquaman owl:sameAs person:Arthur-Curry .
hero:GreenArrow owl:sameAs person:OliverQueen .
hero:BoosterGold owl:sameAs person:Michael-Jon-Carter .
hero:Spider-man owl:sameAs person:Peter-Parker .
hero:Iron-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark .
}
As the above linksets individually make an attempt to align superheroes and fictitious persons in their respective universe, how about unifying these sets as the set of links identifying superheroes in the limited universe of DC and Marvel. To generate such a lens, the UNION set-like operator is required.
Using such operator over the three linksets generates the ex:Union-Marvel-DC-Heroes lens. Here, each link is annotated with its provenance as they all originate from one or more linksets. For example, the identity triple hero:Iron-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark is derive from the linksets ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2 and ex:DC-Heroes-Identity. This enables the links in the newly created lens to carry their own annotations while being able to still use the annotations present it their respective linkset of origin (linkset they are derived from).
Example 3: UNION of three linksets.
With the UNION operator, the same link appearing in various sets (linksets and/or lenses) regardless of its direction is represented only once in the resulting lens of UNION. In a linkset for example, the subject and object targets are explicitly defined. As such, and are different and stem from different linksets. However, in the resulting UNION, a distinction between the two triples is not explicitly made, meaning that the direction is not of much importance here. This can be observed in the metadata of the union where only the property void:target is used instead of void:subjectsTarget and void:objectsTarget.
### Lens metadata
ex:Union-Marvel-DC-Heroes
a voidPlus:Lens;
voidPlus:has-lens-operator voidPlus:Union ;
dcterms:description "Identifying superheroes from DC and Marvel Universes'" ;
ll:target ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1 ;
ll:target ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2 ;
ll:target ex:DC-Heroes-Identity-1 ;
void:triples 10 .
### The annotated Lens
ex:Union-Marvel-Heroes
{
<<hero:Black-Panther owl:sameAs person:T-Challa>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1 .
<<hero:Black-Widow owl:sameAs person:Natasha-Romanoff>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1 .
<<hero:Captain-America owl:sameAs person:Steve-Rogers>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1 .
<<hero:Captain-Marvel owl:sameAs person:Carol-Danvers>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1 .
<<hero:Deadpool owl:sameAs person:Wade-Wilson>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1 .
<<hero:Hulk owl:sameAs person:Bruce-Banner>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-1 .
<<hero:Ant-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2 .
<<hero:Hawkeye owl:sameAs person:Clint-Barton>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2 .
<<hero:Iron-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark>>
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2 ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:DC-Heroes-Identity.
<<hero:Spider-man owl:sameAs person:Peter-Parker>>
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity-2 ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:DC-Heroes-Identity.
<<hero:Superman owl:sameAs person:Clark-Kent>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:Batman owl:sameAs person:Bruce-Wane>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:Flash owl:sameAs person:Barry-Allen>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:GreenLantern owl:sameAs person:Alan-Scott>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:WonderWoman owl:sameAs person:Diana-Prince>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:Aquaman owl:sameAs person:Arthur-Curry>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:GreenArrow owl:sameAs person:OliverQueen>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:BoosterGold owl:sameAs person:Michael-Jon-Carter>> prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
}
2. Intersection¶
Intersecting the DC (ex:DC-Heroes-Identity) and Marvel (ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity) linksets of superheroes results in ex:Comics-Heroes-Identity, a lens which reveals the only two links shared by the sets. The first link in this lens establishes an identity relation between hero:Spider-man the hero and person:Peter-Parker the fictitious character, while the second link asserts that the superhero hero:Iron-man and the fictitious entity representing Tony Stark are co-referent entities.
Example 4: Intersection: Extracting shared links.
ex:Comics-Heroes-Identity
a voidPlus:Lens ;
voidPlus:has-lens-operator voidPlus:Intersection ;
dcterms:description "Quality Check: Identifying superheroes from both Marvel and DC comics" ;
voidPlus:expression "ex:DC-Heroes-Identity INTERSECTION ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity" ;
void:target ex:DC-Heroes-Identity , ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity ;
void:triples 4 ;
• • •
ex:Comics-Heroes-Identity
{
<<hero:Spider-man owl:sameAs person:Peter-Parker>>
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:DC-Heroes-Identity ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
<<hero:Iron-man owl:sameAs person:Tony-Stark>>
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:DC-Heroes-Identity ;
prov:wasDerivedFrom ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity .
}
3. Difference¶
Contrarily to the UNION and INTERSECTION operators, the DIFFERENCE operator requires assigning values to the following two properties: void:subjectsTarget and void:objectsTarget. This allows for the explicit and accurate documentation of the lens resulting from performing the Difference manipulation over linksets, lenses or the combination of both a linkset and a lens. This specification is not to put a particular emphasis on the direction of the links instead, it is for knowing the linkset or lens from which the resulting links will stem from.
Example 5: DIFFERENCE for extracting triples only existing in void:subjectsTarget.
ex:Comics-Heroes-Identity
a voidPlus:Lens ;
voidPlus:has-lens-operator voidPlus:Difference;
dcterms:description "Quality Check: Identifying superheroes from both Marvel and DC comics" ;
voidPlus:expression "ex:DC-Heroes-Identity DIFFERENCE ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity" ;
void:target ex:DC-Heroes-Identity , ex:Marvel-Heroes-Identity ;
void:triples 8 ;
• • •
ex:DC-Heroes-Identity
{
<<hero:Superman owl:sameAs person:Clark-Kent>> validation:status "True" .
<<hero:Batman owl:sameAs person:Bruce-Wane>> validation:status "True" .
<<hero:Flash owl:sameAs person:Barry-Allen>> validation:status "True" .
<<hero:GreenLantern owl:sameAs person:Alan-Scott>> validation:status "True" .
<<hero:WonderWoman owl:sameAs person:Diana-Prince>> validation:status "True" .
<<hero:Aquaman owl:sameAs person:Arthur-Curry>> validation:status "True" .
<<hero:GreenArrow owl:sameAs person:OliverQueen>> validation:status "True" .
<<hero:BoosterGold owl:sameAs person:Michael-Jon-Carter>> validation:status "True" .
}
4. Composition¶
5. In Set¶
Imagine being a movie fan particularly interested in knowing more on a set of ten fictional characters carefully handpicked. This intellectual knowledge includes discovering for example knowing in what movies a fictional character played in, what was the rate of the movies, and so on… Example 6 exhaustively lists these movie characters of interest.
Example 6: ex:preference, set of movie characters.
ex:preference
rdf:_4735532571260424746
hero:Captain-Marvel, person:Carol-Danvers, hero:Captain-America, person:Steve-Rogers,
hero:Deadpool, person:Wade-Wilson, hero:Black-Panther, person:T-Challa,
hero:Spider-man, person:Peter-Parker, hero:Iron-man, person:Tony-Stark,
hero:Ant-man, person:Tony-Stark, hero:Black-Widow, person:Natasha-Romanoff,
hero:Hulk, person:Bruce-Banner, hero:Hawkeye, person:Clint-Barton .
To know more about these handpicked characters, we have isolated ex:MovieInfo, a dataset where information such as movie’s fictional character and movie’s rate are documented.
Example 7: ex:MovieCharacter, a movie database.
ex:MovieInfo
{
movie:WonderWoman
schema:character hero:WonderWoman;
schema:contentRating 7.4.
movie:WonderWoman-Bloodlines
schema:character hero: WonderWoman;
schema:contentRating 5.8.
movie:Superman
schema:character hero:Superman;
schema:contentRating 7.3.
movie:Superman-Returns
schema:character hero:Superman;
schema:contentRating 6.
movie:Man-of-Steel
schema:character hero:Superman;
schema:contentRating 7.
movie:Batman
schema:character hero:Batman;
schema:contentRating 7.5.
movie:Batman-Returns
schema:character hero:Batman;
schema:contentRating 7.
movie:Batman-Robin
schema:character hero:Batman;
schema:contentRating 3.7.
movie:Spider-man
schema:character hero:Spider-man;
schema:contentRating 7.3.
movie:The-amazing-Spider-man
schema:character hero:Spider-man;
schema:contentRating 6.5.
movie:Spider-man-home-coming
schema:character hero:Spider-man;
schema:contentRating 7.4.
}
From the dataset ex:MovieInfo, an embedded linkset defined by the link predicate schema:character is extracted and presented in Example 8. In this example, four fictional characters (hero:WonderWoman, Superman, Batman and Spider-man) are linked to various superhero-movies leading to a total of eleven links.
Example 8: ex:LinksetMovieCharacter, the movie character linkset.
ex:LinksetMovieCharacter
{
movie:WonderWoman schema:character hero:WonderWoman .
movie:WonderWoman-Bloodlines schema:character hero:WonderWoman .
movie:Superman schema:character hero:Superman .
movie:Superman-Return schema:character hero:Superman .
movie:Man-of-Steel schema:character hero:Superman .
movie:Batman schema:character hero:Batman .
movie:Batman-Returns schema:character hero:Batman .
movie:Batman-Robin schema:character hero:Batman .
movie:Spider-man schema:character hero:Spider-man .
movie:The-amazing-Spider-man schema:character hero:Spider-man .
movie:Spider-man-home-coming schema:character hero:Spider-man .
}
A close look at Example 6 reveals that the set of handpicked characters is a subset of the Marvel Universe. Now, overlaying this set (ex:preference) onto the linkset of movie characters (ex:LinksetMovieCharacter) implies extracting the links in ex:LinksetMovieCharacter where entities at the subject or object position of the link can be find in ex:preference.
Formally, this can be translated into: ex:LinksetMovieCharacter InSet ex:preference.
Example 9: Movie Characters from ex:LinksetMovieCharacter that
are derived from Marvel’s matched universe set.
ex:MovieCharacter
{
movie:Spider-man schema:character hero:Spider-man .
movie:The-amazing-Spider-man schema:character hero:Spider-man .
movie:Spider-man-home-coming schema:character hero:Spider-man .
}